EEG |
EEG and NeuroDevelopment |
| EEG |
EEG- How to measure brainwaves and frequencies?The EEG or electroencephalogram measures brainwaves of different frequencies within the brain. To perform an EEG, some sensors are placed on specific sites on the scalp to detect and record the electrical impulses within the brain. The EEG or electroencephalograph is a test that measures and records the electrical activity of your brain by using sensors (electrodes) attached to your head and connected by wires to a computer. The computer records your brain's electrical activity on the screen or on paper as wavy lines. Certain conditions, such as seizures, can be detected by observing changes in the normal pattern of the brain's electrical activity. |
| Brainwaves are electrical impulses generated by the brain at frequencies from 0 to 40 cycles per second, or Hertz (Hz) and can be measured with an EEG device. Gamma greater than 30(Hz), beta (13-30hz), alpha (8-12 hz), theta (4-8 hz), and delta (less than 4 Hz). |
| NeuroFeedback. |
| What is Neurofeedback |
| Treating panic attacks with biofeedback: dual modality approach |
| Study of the effects of eeg biofeedback on cognition |
| Neuropathways. Introduction and EEG Imaging Technology . |
| Treating intermittent explosive disorder with neurofeedback |
| Ten year stability of eeg biofeedback results for a 10 year old hyperactive |
| EEG Biofeedback Training for ADHD and LD. EEG/Brainwave Bio/Neurofeedback training systems from Future Health |
| EEG Neurofeedback and CFS. EEG - Electrocardiogram or EKG |
| The Effects of Cardiac EMF Simulated Using An ECG Wave Form On Human. Electroencephalograph |
| Melatonin suppresses low-frequency EEG activity and enhances spindle |
| Performance Peripherals manufacture state of the art EEG brainwave Peak |
| EEG Based Technology. Performance Peripherals Background on brainwave peak performance training. |
| A real-time eeg monitoring system. EEG vs. EDS |
| EEG : the Brain Waves |
| Elementary ECG (aka Electrocardiogram or EKG). Your Brain! EEG and ECG Spatiotemporal Isosurfaces |
| The Brain Wave Treatment Center. Example : Normal adult 12- Lead ECG |
| NHRC Alertness Monitoring Publications |
| Parallelization of Neural Network Training for On- Line Biosignal Processing |
| EEG References and Information |
| The Hemi-Sync Process |
| Brain Rhythms |
| Patient Monitors |
| Research Co. ACLS and ECG. EKG Training Products |
| Normal adult 12 - Lead ECG. |
EEG Test |
| Question, Answer, Note or Hint. NeuroDevelopment and Neural Health. Epilepsy and Neuronal Models. |
| What causes the epileptiform spikes in an EEG? - Excessive neuronal discharge; faster or more frequently |
| What is the change in firing due to in epilepsy? - Changes in the synaptic properties of the cell |
| Besides abnormal firing, what is another thing that can cause epilepsy? - Abnormal anatomical brain organization |
| (Hypo/hyperglycemia) can cause seizures? - Hypoglycemia |
| In normal people, what type of activity (EEG activity) is expressed in the frontal region of the brain(3 descriptors)? What frequency? - 1. Low frequency (12-30hz) 2. Low Voltage 3. Beta waves |
| What type of EEG rhythm is seen in the occiptal region of the brain? What sort of frequency is exhibited? Is it constant? - 1. Alpha waves 2. 8-12Hz (closed) 3. No it changes if the eyes are open |
| What are the anterior and posterior boundries when doing an EEG? - Inion and the Nasion |
| What actually produces the EEG? - The process of volume conduction and the flow of current through the extracellular space. |
| Where do you see most of the current drop in a neuron? - Across the highly resistant membrane. |
| The sink is where current flows (in/out) of the neuron while the source is where the current flows (in/out) of the cell. -1. In 2. Out |
| At the sink you get a (postive/negative) deflection? - Postive deflection |
| At the source you get a (postive/negative) deflection? - Negative deflection |
| A negative deflection indicates a (positive/negative) current? - Positive |
| A positive deflection indicates a (postive/negative) current? - Negative |
| Can interictal spikes fire continuously without a seizure? - Yes they can |
| Ictal discharge is associated with what? - Seizure |
| Is it always possible to know where the deflections from an EEG come from? - No |
| What is a more precise way to understand where the spikes in an EEG came from? - Take the EEG with probles actually in the brain |
| True or false: Seizures in children often do not have a cortical source and cannot be seen by EEG. -True |
| Are generalized and absence seizures treatable with drugs? - Very treatable |
| Absence or petit mal seizures have to do with the connection between what two areas of the brain? - Thalamus and the cortex |
| what are the three kinds of changes that can induce seizures? - 1. Changes in ion channel properties 2. Alterations in inhibition/excitation at synapes 3. Changes in synaptic connections |
| What drug, in high amounts, when applied directly to the brain induces seizure? How does it work? - Penicillin -it blocks the GABA receptors |
| During a seizure what would you see at the extracellular probe? the intracellular probe? - 1. Extracellular -many AP spikes indicating hyper-excitablity 2. Intracellular - Large depolarization currents |
| What is the depolarization during a interictal spike called? - A giant depolarization or a paroxysmal depolarization shift |
| If depolarization after an interictal spike lasts longer you can progress to what is called a ? - Ictal event -a seizure |
| Chronic seizure models mimic what type of seizure in humans? - Complex partial seizures |
| What are the two methods to induce complex partial seizures? - 1. Kainic acid 2. Kindling |
| What lobular seizures of the brain do Kindling seizures mimic? - Temporal lobe seizures |
| What areas of the brain are probed in the Kindling model? - Amyglada and Hippocampus |
| When being Kindled, do the small electrical seizures produce behavior changes? - No |
| Is the seizure accompanied by low electrical impluses in the Kindling model lifelong? - Yes |
| The changes in the brain after Kindling can even cause what? - Spontaneous epileptic seizures |
| What area of the brain changes in response to kindling? What part of this area changes? - Hippocampus -dentate gyrus |
| What type of fibers sprout in the kindling model? - Mossy fibers |
| What do mossy fibers innervate? - The CA3 region of the hippocampus |
| What cells do mossy fibers make connections to in the Kindling model? - Granular cells of the hippocampus |
| What type of receptors are stimulated by mossy fibers in kindled animals? - NMDA receptors |
| Activation NMDA receptors causes (hyper/hypoexcitability). - Hyperexcitability |
| What drug can create a model that is microgryic in likeness? - MAM |
| Seizures that are not responsive to drugs are due to what? Give two examples? - Migration of neurons. 1. Heterotopias - Cells in the wrong place 2. Cortical dysplasia |
| What is agyria? - Failure of gyri to form |
| What is microdisgenesis? - Glial cells but no neurons |
| What is focal cortical dysplasia? - Small changes in small areas of the brain. |
| Why are heterotropic cells hyper-excitable? - Abnormal Kv4.2 (K channel) |
| EEG differences related to cognitive development (Nelson, Thatcher, Fischer) |
| EEG differences related to emotional traits and caregiver responsivity (Dawson, Davidson, Fox, Calkins, Bell) |
| EEG differences related to medical status and caregiver responsivity (Als, Gilkerson) |
| EEG changes in prelingually and postlingually deafened adults, in brain areas that react to visual vs. auditory inputs, and response to grammatical vs. content words (Neville) |
| EEG activation patterns may be associated with emotional intensity and valence which are seen as temperament differences (Dawson, Davidson, Fox, Nelson) |