EEG

EEG

EEG

EEG and NeuroDevelopment

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and Neuro Development Health
EEG

EEG

- How to measure brainwaves and frequencies?
The EEG or electroencephalogram measures brainwaves of different frequencies within the brain.
To perform an EEG, some sensors are placed on specific sites on the scalp to detect and record the electrical impulses within the brain.
The EEG or electroencephalograph is a test that measures and records the electrical activity of your brain by using sensors (electrodes) attached to your head and connected by wires to a computer.
The computer records your brain's electrical activity on the screen or on paper as wavy lines.
Certain conditions, such as seizures, can be detected by observing changes in the normal pattern of the brain's electrical activity.
Brainwaves are electrical impulses generated by the brain at frequencies from 0 to 40 cycles per second, or Hertz (Hz) and can be measured with an EEG device. Gamma greater than 30(Hz), beta (13-30hz), alpha (8-12 hz), theta (4-8 hz), and delta (less than 4 Hz).
NeuroFeedback.
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EEG Test

Question, Answer, Note or Hint. NeuroDevelopment and Neural Health. Epilepsy and Neuronal Models.
What causes the epileptiform spikes in an EEG? - Excessive neuronal discharge; faster or more frequently
What is the change in firing due to in epilepsy? - Changes in the synaptic properties of the cell
Besides abnormal firing, what is another thing that can cause epilepsy? - Abnormal anatomical brain organization
(Hypo/hyperglycemia) can cause seizures? - Hypoglycemia
In normal people, what type of activity (EEG activity) is expressed in the frontal region of the brain(3 descriptors)? What frequency? - 1. Low frequency (12-30hz)
2. Low Voltage
3. Beta waves
What type of EEG rhythm is seen in the occiptal region of the brain? What sort of frequency is exhibited? Is it constant? - 1. Alpha waves
2. 8-12Hz (closed)
3. No it changes if the eyes are open
What are the anterior and posterior boundries when doing an EEG? - Inion and the Nasion
What actually produces the EEG? - The process of volume conduction and the flow of current through the extracellular space.
Where do you see most of the current drop in a neuron? - Across the highly resistant membrane.
The sink is where current flows (in/out) of the neuron while the source is where the current flows (in/out) of the cell. -1. In
2. Out
At the sink you get a (postive/negative) deflection? - Postive deflection
At the source you get a (postive/negative) deflection? - Negative deflection
A negative deflection indicates a (positive/negative) current? - Positive
A positive deflection indicates a (postive/negative) current? - Negative
Can interictal spikes fire continuously without a seizure? - Yes they can
Ictal discharge is associated with what? - Seizure
Is it always possible to know where the deflections from an EEG come from? - No
What is a more precise way to understand where the spikes in an EEG came from? - Take the EEG with probles actually in the brain
True or false: Seizures in children often do not have a cortical source and cannot be seen by EEG. -True
Are generalized and absence seizures treatable with drugs? - Very treatable
Absence or petit mal seizures have to do with the connection between what two areas of the brain? - Thalamus and the cortex
what are the three kinds of changes that can induce seizures? - 1. Changes in ion channel properties
2. Alterations in inhibition/excitation at synapes
3. Changes in synaptic connections
What drug, in high amounts, when applied directly to the brain induces seizure? How does it work? - Penicillin -it blocks the GABA receptors
During a seizure what would you see at the extracellular probe? the intracellular probe? - 1. Extracellular -many AP spikes indicating hyper-excitablity
2. Intracellular - Large depolarization currents
What is the depolarization during a interictal spike called? - A giant depolarization or a paroxysmal depolarization shift
If depolarization after an interictal spike lasts longer you can progress to what is called a ? - Ictal event -a seizure
Chronic seizure models mimic what type of seizure in humans? - Complex partial seizures
What are the two methods to induce complex partial seizures? - 1. Kainic acid
2. Kindling
What lobular seizures of the brain do Kindling seizures mimic? - Temporal lobe seizures
What areas of the brain are probed in the Kindling model? - Amyglada and Hippocampus
When being Kindled, do the small electrical seizures produce behavior changes? - No
Is the seizure accompanied by low electrical impluses in the Kindling model lifelong? - Yes
The changes in the brain after Kindling can even cause what? - Spontaneous epileptic seizures
What area of the brain changes in response to kindling? What part of this area changes? - Hippocampus -dentate gyrus
What type of fibers sprout in the kindling model? - Mossy fibers
What do mossy fibers innervate? - The CA3 region of the hippocampus
What cells do mossy fibers make connections to in the Kindling model? - Granular cells of the hippocampus
What type of receptors are stimulated by mossy fibers in kindled animals? - NMDA receptors
Activation NMDA receptors causes (hyper/hypoexcitability). - Hyperexcitability
What drug can create a model that is microgryic in likeness? - MAM
Seizures that are not responsive to drugs are due to what? Give two examples? - Migration of neurons.
1. Heterotopias - Cells in the wrong place
2. Cortical dysplasia
What is agyria? - Failure of gyri to form
What is microdisgenesis? - Glial cells but no neurons
What is focal cortical dysplasia? - Small changes in small areas of the brain.
Why are heterotropic cells hyper-excitable? - Abnormal Kv4.2 (K channel)
EEG differences related to cognitive development (Nelson, Thatcher, Fischer)
EEG differences related to emotional traits and caregiver responsivity (Dawson, Davidson, Fox, Calkins, Bell)
EEG differences related to medical status and caregiver responsivity (Als, Gilkerson)
EEG changes in prelingually and postlingually deafened adults, in brain areas that react to visual vs. auditory inputs, and response to grammatical vs. content words (Neville)
EEG activation patterns may be associated with emotional intensity and valence which are seen as temperament differences (Dawson, Davidson, Fox, Nelson)
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