Training |
| Training - Health, NeuroDevelopment and Neural Science |
| Neuro Science Training - Common Test Exam Questions and Answers |
| When are most neurons produced? / Prenatally |
| Are there more neurons produced than needed? / Yes |
| How much does the brain weigh at birth? / 350g |
| What is the number one cause of death during the first year of life? / Birth defects |
| What are the three major stages of development and when do they happen? / 1. Zygotic: 0-14 days 2. Embryotic: 14 days to 8 weeks 3. Fetal: 8 weeks to 36 weeks |
| When does a majority of myelination occur? / Postnatally |
| What are the five stages of NeuroDevelopment ? / 1. Neurulation 2. Proliferation 3. Migration 4. Differentiation 5. Synaptogenesis |
| What is the neural tube the precursor for? / the neurons and glial cells of the CNS. |
| What is the PNS the made from? / Neural crest cells |
| What day in development does the blastocyst form? / Day 5 |
| What part of the blastula becomes the embryo proper? / the ICM |
| What does the placenta form from? / Trophoectoderm |
| What day does the ICM delaminate? / Day 5 |
| What part of the ICM becomes the embryo proper? / the epiblast |
| What part of the ICM becomes the yolk sack? / the hypoblast |
| What is the aggregation medially where the cells dive down in the epiblast? / Primitive streak or groove |
| What end of the epiblast does the primitive groove begin at? / the cranial end (Hensen's node) |
| What is the notochord derived from? / Axial mesoderm |
| What is the importance of the notochord in regard to NeuroDevelopment ? / It induces the formation of the neural plate from the ectoderm. |
| What day does the neural plate form? / Day 18-19 |
| Which end of the neural plate is wider and what will it give rise to? / the cranial end is wider and it will give rise to the brain. |
| What does the caudal portion of the neural plate give rise to? / Spinal cord |
| During primary neurulation, how does cell morphology change? / Cells take on a more pseudostratified character. |
| What is the area in the middle of the folding during neurulation called? What is it between? When does it form? / 1. Neural groove 2. Neural folds 3. 18-19 |
| When does closure of the neural tube occur? What area of the tube closes first? / 1. Week 4 2. the midline |
| Where is the primary hinge joint in neurulation? / the midline |
| During wedging, how does a cell change its shape? / It widens at the basolateral end while narrowing at the apical end. |
| Where do secondary hinge joints occur in neurulation? / Dorsolaterally |
| At what level does the neural tube start fusing? / the level of the 4th somite |
| Which neuropores fuse first, last? / 1. Rostral 2. Caudal |
| What are the two phases of neurulation in higher vertabrates? What is developed in each stage? = 1. Primary - Brain 2. Secondary -formation of caudal structures |
| What causes the phenomenon of segmentation? / the change in cell to cell adhesion properties. Most likely tight junctions. |
| First segmentation produces what three vesicles? / 1. Prosencephalon 2. Mesencephalon 3. Rhombocephalon |
| What causes the actual differentiation in segement size? How is this achieved? / Different pressures of CSF cause by transient blockages. |
| Where does the cephalic flexure occur? / Between the prosencephalon and the mesencephalon. |
| Where does the cervical flexure occur? / Between the hindbrain and the spinal cord |
| What does the prosencephalon divide into? = The telencephalon and the diencephalon. |
| What does the rhombocephalon divide into? / the metencephalon and the myencephalon. |
| The forebrain gives rise to which ventricles? / 1 2 and 3 |
| The midbrain gives rise to which part of the ventricular system? / the cerebral aqueduct |
| The hindbrain gives rise to which ventricle? / the 4th ventricle |
| Dorsal alar plates have what function and what are they separated by? / Sensory functions and the roof plate |
| The ventral basilar plates have what function and what are they separated by? / Motor function and the floor plate |
| What is the furrow between the basilar and alar plates called? / the sulcus limitans |
| What neurons in the PNS are not of neural crest origin(3)? / 1. Cranial sensory neurons 2. Motor neurons which have their cell bodies in the CNS 3. Preganglionic autonomic neurons |
| What is the name given to cells that lie just outside the neural plate? / Placodal ectoderm cells |
| Cranial neural crest cells are from what level up and what are some of the things that they give rise to? / 5th somite and up; skeletal elements of the branchial arches and periocular structures |
| Truncal neural crest cells are from what level down? / the 6th somite down. |
| What are neural crest cells highly prone to? / Mutations and tumors. |
| What is the most common neurological defect seen at birth? / Neural tube defects |
| What is a result of the caudal neuropore (5) not closing upon birth? / Spina bifida |
| What is the most common neural tube defect? / Spina bifida |
| What condition is usually associated with spina bifida? / Hydrocephalus |
| Including what in your diet can cut down on the occurance of spina bifida? / Folic acid |
| What defect is seen as a result of anterior neuropore (2) closure? / Anencephaly |
| What defect is described as having part of the brain protruding through the skull? / Encephalocele |
| What is a failure of the lobes of the brain to separate? / Holoprosencephaly |
| What often is seen with holoprosencephaly? / Malfortmation of the midline structures of the face. |
| What are the four types of induction? / 1. Binary choice 2. Graded response 3. Relayed signals 4. Reciprocal signaling |
| Inductive signals that allow the ectoderm to differentiate into neuroectoderm originate where? / Notochord |
| What portion of the blastopore is the neural inducing region? / the dorsal lip of the blastopore |
| What chemicals are produced by the neural inducing region to promote neuroectoderm formation / 1. Noggin 2. Chordin 3. Follistatin |
| How do the chemicals that induce neuroectoderm formation actually do that? / They antagonize BMP which is an inhibitor of neuroectoderm formation. |
| What family do BMPs belong to? / TGF- B |
| What is the default pathway? / Formation of neuronal tissue. |
| What type of cell adhesion proteins do neural plate ectoderm cells express? / N- Cadherins and N- Cam |
| How is the dorsal-ventral axis established? What chemical is associated which each direction of the axis? / the dorsal epidermis produces of gradient of BMP for dorsal differentiation. the notochord produces a gradient of Shh for ventral differentiation. |
| What mutation is specifically associated with holoprosencephaly? / Shh |
| What transcription factor downstream of Shh is also been linked to defects? / Glee |
| What set of trascription factors (large group) can also lead to defects? / Homeobox (Hox) domain TF |
| What signaling molecules (4) are involved in the production of the anterior/posterior axis? / 1. Wnt 2. BMP 3. Retinoic acid 4. FGF |
| When does proliferation of cells with in the neural tube begin? End? / 5 weeks; 7th month postnatally |
| Most neurons are produced between what days prenatally? / 42 and 120 |
| Which form first, neurons or glial cells? / Neurons |
| At the peak level of mitosis, what is the rate of formation of neurons? / 250,000 neurons/minute |
| Where are the cortical neurons produced? / the ventricular zone of the neural tube. |
| What are the two intervals of proliferation and what are their purposes? / 1. Pre- Neurogenic: proliferation of the cells 2. Neurogenic: cells leave and go take their place in the cortex |
| Where do cells form their cell to cell adhesions and undergo synaptogenesis after proliferation? / Just below the cortical plate |
| Why do the cells that are proliferating look like they are pseudostratified? / They are at different stages of the cell cycle. |
| What are the two different types of cleavage seen during cell proliferation? / 1. Symmetrical 28-42 2. Asymmetrical |
| When do migrating cells arrive at their final destination? / Five months |
| What cells make the pathway for migrating neurons? / Radial glial cells |
| How would you describe the manner in which the cortex develops? / Inside-out manner ie the oldest cortex is the deepest |
| What is it called when cells migrate to a particular level and then move tangentially? / Tangential migration |
| Where can you find neural stem cells in adult life(2)? / Hippocampus and the sub-ventricular region of the cortex |
| What is the best studied molecule of migration? / Reelin |
| What two other knock-outs have shown a result of maldevelopment of the cortex? / Apoprotein-E and VLDL receptor |
| What is an example of a LDL receptor that has been shown to cause defects close to holoprosencephaly in knockout models? / Megalin |
| When does differentiation and synaptogenesis begin? End? / 4 or 5 months; 6th month postnatally |
| What are the two types of cues that cause differentiation? / Intrinsic and extrinsic |
| What exactly does the differentiation process involve? / the activation of specific genes for a specific cell type. |
| What molecules allow synaptogenesis? / Neurotransmitters, Cell adhesion molecules and neurotrophic factors (BNDF) |
| What is apoptosis? What percent of cells undergo apoptosis? / A subtractive process; 20-50% |
| What is responsible for the 3x of brain mass? / Increase in the density of synapes and myelination. |
Neurodevelopment Training 2023
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